37
🎯 Main Points

Chapter 37

PSY407 - Sport Psychology

👤 Important Figures & Research

  • Tuckman (1965) - Four stages of team development
  • Carron & Dennis (1998), Mullen & Cooper (1994), Widmeyer et al (1993) - Cohesion-performance research

📈 Key Research Findings

Task Cohesion > Social Cohesion for performance
Interactive Sports (volleyball, basketball, soccer) show stronger effects than
Coactive Sports (bowling, archery, riflery)

🔄 Bidirectional Relationship

  • Winning → Increases Unity
  • Losing → Decreases Cohesion
  • Cohesion and performance influence EACH OTHER

📅 Tuckman's Four Stages (1965)

  1. Forming - Excitement of new relationships
  2. Storming - Struggles and frustrations
  3. Norming - Agreeing on common goals
  4. Performing - Cohesive unit ready to perform

🧠 Two Team Building Approaches

  • Direct Approach: Sport psychologist works directly with athletes
  • Indirect Approach: Sport psychologist teaches coaches and managers

💡 Ten Interventions to Enhance Cohesion

  1. Acquaint players with each other's responsibilities
  2. Learn something personal about each athlete
  3. Develop pride within sub-units of large teams
  4. Foster feeling of ownership among players
  5. Set team goals and celebrate accomplishments
  6. Ensure each player understands and values their role
  7. Do not demand complete social tranquility
  8. Avoid formation of cliques
  9. Team drills and lead-up games encourage cooperation
  10. Highlight areas of success even in losses

💡 Exam Tips

  • Tuckman 1965: Forming → Storming → Norming → Performing (in order)
  • Task cohesion > social cohesion for performance
  • Interactive sports show stronger cohesion effects than coactive
  • Bidirectional: winning increases cohesion, losing decreases it
  • Know at least 5-6 of the 10 interventions